1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Overall Market Size
2.1 Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Market Size: 2022 VS 2029
2.2 Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2018-2029
2.3 Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales: 2018-2029
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales by Companies
3.5 Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Price by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2022
3.7 Global Manufacturers 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Players in Global Market
3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Companies
3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Companies
4 Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type – Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Market Size Markets, 2022 & 2029
4.1.2 99.5% min
4.1.3 Other
4.2 By Type – Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type – Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, 2018-2023
4.2.2 By Type – Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, 2024-2029
4.2.3 By Type – Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
4.3 By Type – Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales & Forecasts
4.3.1 By Type – Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales, 2018-2023
4.3.2 By Type – Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales, 2024-2029
4.3.3 By Type – Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
4.4 By Type – Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2029
5 Sights by Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application – Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Market Size, 2022 & 2029
5.1.2 Polyurethane Foam
5.1.3 Other
5.2 By Application – Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application – Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, 2018-2023
5.2.2 By Application – Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, 2024-2029
5.2.3 By Application – Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
5.3 By Application – Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales & Forecasts
5.3.1 By Application – Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales, 2018-2023
5.3.2 By Application – Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales, 2024-2029
5.3.3 By Application – Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
5.4 By Application – Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2029
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region – Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Market Size, 2022 & 2029
6.2 By Region – Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region – Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, 2018-2023
6.2.2 By Region – Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, 2024-2029
6.2.3 By Region – Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
6.3 By Region – Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales & Forecasts
6.3.1 By Region – Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales, 2018-2023
6.3.2 By Region – Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales, 2024-2029
6.3.3 By Region – Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
6.4 North America
6.4.1 By Country – North America 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, 2018-2029
6.4.2 By Country – North America 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales, 2018-2029
6.4.3 US 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4.4 Canada 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4.5 Mexico 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5 Europe
6.5.1 By Country – Europe 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, 2018-2029
6.5.2 By Country – Europe 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales, 2018-2029
6.5.3 Germany 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.4 France 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.5 U.K. 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.6 Italy 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.7 Russia 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.8 Nordic Countries 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.9 Benelux 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6 Asia
6.6.1 By Region – Asia 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, 2018-2029
6.6.2 By Region – Asia 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales, 2018-2029
6.6.3 China 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6.4 Japan 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6.5 South Korea 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6.6 Southeast Asia 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6.7 India 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Market Size, 2018-2029
6.7 South America
6.7.1 By Country – South America 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, 2018-2029
6.7.2 By Country – South America 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales, 2018-2029
6.7.3 Brazil 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Market Size, 2018-2029
6.7.4 Argentina 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Market Size, 2018-2029
6.8 Middle East & Africa
6.8.1 By Country – Middle East & Africa 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, 2018-2029
6.8.2 By Country – Middle East & Africa 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales, 2018-2029
6.8.3 Turkey 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Market Size, 2018-2029
6.8.4 Israel 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Market Size, 2018-2029
6.8.5 Saudi Arabia 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Market Size, 2018-2029
6.8.6 UAE 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Market Size, 2018-2029
7 Manufacturers & Brands Profiles
7.1 Climalife
7.1.1 Climalife Company Summary
7.1.2 Climalife Business Overview
7.1.3 Climalife 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 Climalife 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.1.5 Climalife Key News & Latest Developments
7.2 Solvay
7.2.1 Solvay Company Summary
7.2.2 Solvay Business Overview
7.2.3 Solvay 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 Solvay 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.2.5 Solvay Key News & Latest Developments
7.3 A-Gas
7.3.1 A-Gas Company Summary
7.3.2 A-Gas Business Overview
7.3.3 A-Gas 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 A-Gas 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.3.5 A-Gas Key News & Latest Developments
8 Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Production Capacity, Analysis
8.1 Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Production Capacity, 2018-2029
8.2 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Production by Region
9 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints
10 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Supply Chain Analysis
10.1 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Industry Value Chain
10.2 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Upstream Market
10.3 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
10.4.1 Marketing Channels
10.4.2 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Distributors and Sales Agents in Global
11 Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer
Table 1. Key Players of 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane in Global Market
Table 2. Top 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2022)
Table 3. Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 4. Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 5. Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales by Companies, (Tons), 2018-2023
Table 6. Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 7. Key Manufacturers 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Price (2018-2023) & (US$/Ton)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type – Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Table 12. By Type - Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 13. By Type - Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 14. By Type - Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales (Tons), 2018-2023
Table 15. By Type - Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales (Tons), 2024-2029
Table 16. By Application – Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Table 17. By Application - Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 18. By Application - Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 19. By Application - Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales (Tons), 2018-2023
Table 20. By Application - Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales (Tons), 2024-2029
Table 21. By Region – Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 VS 2029
Table 22. By Region - Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 23. By Region - Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 24. By Region - Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales (Tons), 2018-2023
Table 25. By Region - Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales (Tons), 2024-2029
Table 26. By Country - North America 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 27. By Country - North America 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 28. By Country - North America 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales, (Tons), 2018-2023
Table 29. By Country - North America 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales, (Tons), 2024-2029
Table 30. By Country - Europe 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 31. By Country - Europe 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 32. By Country - Europe 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales, (Tons), 2018-2023
Table 33. By Country - Europe 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales, (Tons), 2024-2029
Table 34. By Region - Asia 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 35. By Region - Asia 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 36. By Region - Asia 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales, (Tons), 2018-2023
Table 37. By Region - Asia 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales, (Tons), 2024-2029
Table 38. By Country - South America 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 39. By Country - South America 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 40. By Country - South America 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales, (Tons), 2018-2023
Table 41. By Country - South America 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales, (Tons), 2024-2029
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales, (Tons), 2018-2023
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales, (Tons), 2024-2029
Table 46. Climalife Company Summary
Table 47. Climalife 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Product Offerings
Table 48. Climalife 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2018-2023)
Table 49. Climalife Key News & Latest Developments
Table 50. Solvay Company Summary
Table 51. Solvay 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Product Offerings
Table 52. Solvay 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2018-2023)
Table 53. Solvay Key News & Latest Developments
Table 54. A-Gas Company Summary
Table 55. A-Gas 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Product Offerings
Table 56. A-Gas 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales (Tons), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Ton) (2018-2023)
Table 57. A-Gas Key News & Latest Developments
Table 58. 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Production Capacity (Tons) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2021-2023 (Tons)
Table 59. Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2021-2023
Table 60. Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Production by Region, 2018-2023 (Tons)
Table 61. Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Production by Region, 2024-2029 (Tons)
Table 62. 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 63. 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 64. 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 65. 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Raw Materials
Table 66. 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 67. Typical 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Downstream
Table 68. 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 69. 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market
List of Figures
Figure 1. 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Segment by Type in 2022
Figure 2. 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Segment by Application in 2022
Figure 3. Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Market Overview: 2022
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Market Size: 2022 VS 2029 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, 2018-2029 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales in Global Market: 2018-2029 (Tons)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue in 2022
Figure 9. By Type - Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Figure 10. By Type - Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 11. By Type - Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 12. By Type - Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Price (US$/Ton), 2018-2029
Figure 13. By Application - Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Figure 14. By Application - Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 15. By Application - Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 16. By Application - Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Price (US$/Ton), 2018-2029
Figure 17. By Region - Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Figure 18. By Region - Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue Market Share, 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
Figure 19. By Region - Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 20. By Region - Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 21. By Country - North America 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 22. By Country - North America 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 23. US 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 24. Canada 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 25. Mexico 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 26. By Country - Europe 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 27. By Country - Europe 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 28. Germany 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 29. France 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 30. U.K. 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 31. Italy 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 32. Russia 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 33. Nordic Countries 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 34. Benelux 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 35. By Region - Asia 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 36. By Region - Asia 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 37. China 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 38. Japan 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 39. South Korea 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 40. Southeast Asia 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 41. India 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 42. By Country - South America 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 43. By Country - South America 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 44. Brazil 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 45. Argentina 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 46. By Country - Middle East & Africa 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 47. By Country - Middle East & Africa 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 48. Turkey 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 49. Israel 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 50. Saudi Arabia 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 51. UAE 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 52. Global 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Production Capacity (Tons), 2018-2029
Figure 53. The Percentage of Production 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane by Region, 2022 VS 2029
Figure 54. 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluorobutane Industry Value Chain
Figure 55. Marketing Channels