1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Market Definition
1.2 Market Segments
1.2.1 Market by Type
1.2.2 Market by Application
1.3 Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Market Overview
1.4 Features & Benefits of This Report
1.5 Methodology & Sources of Information
1.5.1 Research Methodology
1.5.2 Research Process
1.5.3 Base Year
1.5.4 Report Assumptions & Caveats
2 Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Overall Market Size
2.1 Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Market Size: 2022 VS 2029
2.2 Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, Prospects & Forecasts: 2018-2029
2.3 Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales: 2018-2029
3 Company Landscape
3.1 Top Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Players in Global Market
3.2 Top Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Companies Ranked by Revenue
3.3 Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue by Companies
3.4 Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales by Companies
3.5 Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Price by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
3.6 Top 3 and Top 5 Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Companies in Global Market, by Revenue in 2022
3.7 Global Manufacturers Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Product Type
3.8 Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Players in Global Market
3.8.1 List of Global Tier 1 Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Companies
3.8.2 List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Companies
4 Sights by Product
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 By Type – Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Market Size Markets, 2022 & 2029
4.1.2 Disposable Pain Relief Pump
4.1.3 Electronic Pain Relief Pump
4.2 By Type – Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue & Forecasts
4.2.1 By Type – Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, 2018-2023
4.2.2 By Type – Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, 2024-2029
4.2.3 By Type – Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
4.3 By Type – Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales & Forecasts
4.3.1 By Type – Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales, 2018-2023
4.3.2 By Type – Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales, 2024-2029
4.3.3 By Type – Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
4.4 By Type – Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2029
5 Sights by Application
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 By Application – Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Market Size, 2022 & 2029
5.1.2 Hospitals
5.1.3 Clinics
5.2 By Application – Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue & Forecasts
5.2.1 By Application – Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, 2018-2023
5.2.2 By Application – Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, 2024-2029
5.2.3 By Application – Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
5.3 By Application – Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales & Forecasts
5.3.1 By Application – Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales, 2018-2023
5.3.2 By Application – Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales, 2024-2029
5.3.3 By Application – Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
5.4 By Application – Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Price (Manufacturers Selling Prices), 2018-2029
6 Sights by Region
6.1 By Region – Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Market Size, 2022 & 2029
6.2 By Region – Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue & Forecasts
6.2.1 By Region – Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, 2018-2023
6.2.2 By Region – Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, 2024-2029
6.2.3 By Region – Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
6.3 By Region – Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales & Forecasts
6.3.1 By Region – Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales, 2018-2023
6.3.2 By Region – Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales, 2024-2029
6.3.3 By Region – Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
6.4 North America
6.4.1 By Country – North America Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, 2018-2029
6.4.2 By Country – North America Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales, 2018-2029
6.4.3 US Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4.4 Canada Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Market Size, 2018-2029
6.4.5 Mexico Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5 Europe
6.5.1 By Country – Europe Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, 2018-2029
6.5.2 By Country – Europe Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales, 2018-2029
6.5.3 Germany Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.4 France Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.5 U.K. Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.6 Italy Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.7 Russia Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.8 Nordic Countries Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Market Size, 2018-2029
6.5.9 Benelux Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6 Asia
6.6.1 By Region – Asia Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, 2018-2029
6.6.2 By Region – Asia Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales, 2018-2029
6.6.3 China Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6.4 Japan Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6.5 South Korea Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6.6 Southeast Asia Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Market Size, 2018-2029
6.6.7 India Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Market Size, 2018-2029
6.7 South America
6.7.1 By Country – South America Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, 2018-2029
6.7.2 By Country – South America Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales, 2018-2029
6.7.3 Brazil Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Market Size, 2018-2029
6.7.4 Argentina Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Market Size, 2018-2029
6.8 Middle East & Africa
6.8.1 By Country – Middle East & Africa Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, 2018-2029
6.8.2 By Country – Middle East & Africa Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales, 2018-2029
6.8.3 Turkey Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Market Size, 2018-2029
6.8.4 Israel Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Market Size, 2018-2029
6.8.5 Saudi Arabia Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Market Size, 2018-2029
6.8.6 UAE Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Market Size, 2018-2029
7 Manufacturers & Brands Profiles
7.1 PAJUNK
7.1.1 PAJUNK Company Summary
7.1.2 PAJUNK Business Overview
7.1.3 PAJUNK Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Major Product Offerings
7.1.4 PAJUNK Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.1.5 PAJUNK Key News & Latest Developments
7.2 Promecon
7.2.1 Promecon Company Summary
7.2.2 Promecon Business Overview
7.2.3 Promecon Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Major Product Offerings
7.2.4 Promecon Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.2.5 Promecon Key News & Latest Developments
7.3 Avanos Medical
7.3.1 Avanos Medical Company Summary
7.3.2 Avanos Medical Business Overview
7.3.3 Avanos Medical Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Major Product Offerings
7.3.4 Avanos Medical Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.3.5 Avanos Medical Key News & Latest Developments
7.4 Cimpax
7.4.1 Cimpax Company Summary
7.4.2 Cimpax Business Overview
7.4.3 Cimpax Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Major Product Offerings
7.4.4 Cimpax Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.4.5 Cimpax Key News & Latest Developments
7.5 B. Braun
7.5.1 B. Braun Company Summary
7.5.2 B. Braun Business Overview
7.5.3 B. Braun Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Major Product Offerings
7.5.4 B. Braun Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.5.5 B. Braun Key News & Latest Developments
7.6 InfuTronix
7.6.1 InfuTronix Company Summary
7.6.2 InfuTronix Business Overview
7.6.3 InfuTronix Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Major Product Offerings
7.6.4 InfuTronix Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.6.5 InfuTronix Key News & Latest Developments
7.7 Lepu Medical Technology
7.7.1 Lepu Medical Technology Company Summary
7.7.2 Lepu Medical Technology Business Overview
7.7.3 Lepu Medical Technology Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Major Product Offerings
7.7.4 Lepu Medical Technology Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales and Revenue in Global (2018-2023)
7.7.5 Lepu Medical Technology Key News & Latest Developments
8 Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Production Capacity, Analysis
8.1 Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Production Capacity, 2018-2029
8.2 Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Production Capacity of Key Manufacturers in Global Market
8.3 Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Production by Region
9 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
9.1 Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2 Market Drivers
9.3 Market Restraints
10 Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Supply Chain Analysis
10.1 Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Industry Value Chain
10.2 Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Upstream Market
10.3 Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Downstream and Clients
10.4 Marketing Channels Analysis
10.4.1 Marketing Channels
10.4.2 Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Distributors and Sales Agents in Global
11 Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Note
12.2 Examples of Clients
12.3 Disclaimer
Table 1. Key Players of Postoperative Local Pain Relief System in Global Market
Table 2. Top Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Players in Global Market, Ranking by Revenue (2022)
Table 3. Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue by Companies, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 4. Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 5. Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales by Companies, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 6. Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales Share by Companies, 2018-2023
Table 7. Key Manufacturers Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Price (2018-2023) & (US$/Unit)
Table 8. Global Manufacturers Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Product Type
Table 9. List of Global Tier 1 Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 10. List of Global Tier 2 and Tier 3 Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Companies, Revenue (US$, Mn) in 2022 and Market Share
Table 11. By Type – Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Table 12. By Type - Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 13. By Type - Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 14. By Type - Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 15. By Type - Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 16. By Application – Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Table 17. By Application - Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 18. By Application - Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 19. By Application - Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 20. By Application - Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 21. By Region – Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 VS 2029
Table 22. By Region - Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 23. By Region - Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 24. By Region - Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 25. By Region - Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 26. By Country - North America Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 27. By Country - North America Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 28. By Country - North America Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 29. By Country - North America Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales, (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 30. By Country - Europe Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 31. By Country - Europe Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 32. By Country - Europe Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 33. By Country - Europe Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales, (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 34. By Region - Asia Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 35. By Region - Asia Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 36. By Region - Asia Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 37. By Region - Asia Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales, (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 38. By Country - South America Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 39. By Country - South America Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 40. By Country - South America Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 41. By Country - South America Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales, (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 42. By Country - Middle East & Africa Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2023
Table 43. By Country - Middle East & Africa Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2024-2029
Table 44. By Country - Middle East & Africa Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales, (K Units), 2018-2023
Table 45. By Country - Middle East & Africa Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales, (K Units), 2024-2029
Table 46. PAJUNK Company Summary
Table 47. PAJUNK Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Product Offerings
Table 48. PAJUNK Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 49. PAJUNK Key News & Latest Developments
Table 50. Promecon Company Summary
Table 51. Promecon Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Product Offerings
Table 52. Promecon Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 53. Promecon Key News & Latest Developments
Table 54. Avanos Medical Company Summary
Table 55. Avanos Medical Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Product Offerings
Table 56. Avanos Medical Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 57. Avanos Medical Key News & Latest Developments
Table 58. Cimpax Company Summary
Table 59. Cimpax Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Product Offerings
Table 60. Cimpax Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 61. Cimpax Key News & Latest Developments
Table 62. B. Braun Company Summary
Table 63. B. Braun Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Product Offerings
Table 64. B. Braun Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 65. B. Braun Key News & Latest Developments
Table 66. InfuTronix Company Summary
Table 67. InfuTronix Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Product Offerings
Table 68. InfuTronix Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 69. InfuTronix Key News & Latest Developments
Table 70. Lepu Medical Technology Company Summary
Table 71. Lepu Medical Technology Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Product Offerings
Table 72. Lepu Medical Technology Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales (K Units), Revenue (US$, Mn) and Average Price (US$/Unit) (2018-2023)
Table 73. Lepu Medical Technology Key News & Latest Developments
Table 74. Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Production Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers in Global Market, 2021-2023 (K Units)
Table 75. Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers, 2021-2023
Table 76. Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Production by Region, 2018-2023 (K Units)
Table 77. Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Production by Region, 2024-2029 (K Units)
Table 78. Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Market Opportunities & Trends in Global Market
Table 79. Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Market Drivers in Global Market
Table 80. Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Market Restraints in Global Market
Table 81. Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Raw Materials
Table 82. Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Raw Materials Suppliers in Global Market
Table 83. Typical Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Downstream
Table 84. Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Downstream Clients in Global Market
Table 85. Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Distributors and Sales Agents in Global Market
List of Figures
Figure 1. Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Segment by Type in 2022
Figure 2. Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Segment by Application in 2022
Figure 3. Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Market Overview: 2022
Figure 4. Key Caveats
Figure 5. Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Market Size: 2022 VS 2029 (US$, Mn)
Figure 6. Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, 2018-2029 (US$, Mn)
Figure 7. Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales in Global Market: 2018-2029 (K Units)
Figure 8. The Top 3 and 5 Players Market Share by Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue in 2022
Figure 9. By Type - Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Figure 10. By Type - Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 11. By Type - Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 12. By Type - Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Price (US$/Unit), 2018-2029
Figure 13. By Application - Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Figure 14. By Application - Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 15. By Application - Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 16. By Application - Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Price (US$/Unit), 2018-2029
Figure 17. By Region - Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2022 & 2029
Figure 18. By Region - Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue Market Share, 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
Figure 19. By Region - Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 20. By Region - Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 21. By Country - North America Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 22. By Country - North America Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 23. US Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 24. Canada Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 25. Mexico Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 26. By Country - Europe Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 27. By Country - Europe Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 28. Germany Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 29. France Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 30. U.K. Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 31. Italy Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 32. Russia Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 33. Nordic Countries Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 34. Benelux Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 35. By Region - Asia Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 36. By Region - Asia Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 37. China Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 38. Japan Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 39. South Korea Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 40. Southeast Asia Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 41. India Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 42. By Country - South America Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 43. By Country - South America Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 44. Brazil Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 45. Argentina Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 46. By Country - Middle East & Africa Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 47. By Country - Middle East & Africa Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Sales Market Share, 2018-2029
Figure 48. Turkey Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 49. Israel Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 50. Saudi Arabia Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 51. UAE Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Revenue, (US$, Mn), 2018-2029
Figure 52. Global Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Production Capacity (K Units), 2018-2029
Figure 53. The Percentage of Production Postoperative Local Pain Relief System by Region, 2022 VS 2029
Figure 54. Postoperative Local Pain Relief System Industry Value Chain
Figure 55. Marketing Channels